Open water swimming (OWS) is described as any competition that takes place in rivers, lakes, oceans, or water channels except for 10-km races, which are called marathon swimming (Baldassarre et al., 2017; Zacca et al 2020b, 2022). OWS is a multifactorial swimming branch that involves a complex interaction between many factors such as psychological status, growth, physical fitness, hydrodynamics, kinematics, water temperature, nutritional status, etc. (Baldassarre et al., 2017). In fact, a single indicator is unable to predict OWS performance. Thus, the OWS performance knowledge demands structured reliable and integrated assessments (Morais et al., 2017; Zacca et al., 2020ab; Chainok et al., 2021). An integrated approach applied to OWS performance would help to identify its main determinant variables, as well as in swimming (Ribeiro et al., 2017; Zacca et al., 2020ab; Carvalho et al., 2020;). However, the available evidence for OWS performance in age-group open water swimmers is scarce. Therefore, we examined the relationships between physical fitness and performance related components (anthropometrics, pulmonary function, muscle strength, range of motion, tethered swimming force and energetics) and 5-km OWS performance in age-group national level open water swimmers.
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