In most studies of efficiency of man during swimming (Karpovich and Pestrecov, 1939; Adrian et al., 1966; Klissouras, 1968; Holmer, 1972) the calculation of the propulsive forces is based on drag measurements of the body in an outstretched, passive, prone or supine position. Drag during swirnrrJng is presumably higher than drag during passive towing of the body mainly because of the movement of head, trunk, and limbs within the stroke cycle. Kent and Atha (1971) reported significantly higher drag values in selected transient body positions in the breaststroke than in the prone glide positions, and di Prampero et al. (1974) applied a new method to determine the actual drag experienced by man during swimming and found it was about twice as high as that of the passively towed swimmer. The data of di Prampero and his associates {1974) will probably produce a reasonably accurate measure of propulsion efficiency, while others should be considered underestimations. In the present study, the method described by di Prampero et al. (1974) was applied and data were collected on drag during breaststroke and freestyle swimming.
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