The goal of this study was to examine how the use of rewards and sanctions actually influences the performance behaviour of tennis players. Twelve 12 semi- and professional tennis players aged 17 to 27 years performed five different types of tests. In three of the tests, a sanction (kangaroo jump) or reward (milk shake) was added. In the various forms of tennis training, the threat of a sanction leads to a consistent slight increase in heart rate and subjective performance perception, without an increase of blood lactate. The prospect of a reward led to an increase in heart rate and subjective load perception, compared to 'normal' training. It was concluded that the application of a sanction during tennis training can be recommended as a suitable and efficient means for performance enhancement, if the aim is to increase the concentration level, the psychological pressure, the stroke precision, and to simulate tournament conditions. A reward can be used to enhance concentration and performance. It seems that a reward encourages players to adopt a more risky and aggressive style of play, whereas a sanction results in a safer or more defensive mode.
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